Evolution Exam 2 ( Take Home ) Name - 1371 Words

Evolution Exam 2 (Take Home) Name: 1. Mutation is a driving force for the evolution of a species. Describe the 3 main mutations that can occur in a gene, and the impact those mutations will have on protein structure/function. (5 pts) Gene mutations are also known as point mutations and they involve changes in the structure of a gene due to the change in their chemical nature. Examples of three main mutations that occur in a gene are: Insertion- this is the addition of an extra base onto an existing DNA strand. The resulting m-RNA base and the subsequent amino acid alignment are altered and no polypeptide chain is formed since none of the intended amino acid have been linked, the impact will have on protein called Frameshift. Deletion – this is the removal of a gene portion on a DNA strand. Consequently the sequencing of the amino acid on the polypeptide chain is altered, resulting to production of a wrong protein, also have Frameshift impact on the protein. Inversion – if a portion of the DNA strand rotates through 1800 that portion is said to have inverted and hence altering the protein’s base sequence at this point. 2. You have identified a novel mutant allele for the HiBrn8 gene leading to decreased response to stimuli by the brown bear during hibernation. You have obtained the sequence for wild type and mutant alleles for ABCR. The underlined portion is an intron.Show MoreRelatedPeer Pressuring Parents : High School Being On The Honor Roll896 Words   |  4 Pagesthe honor roll was a huge deal to me. I loved the feeling of making my parents proud. During my junior year at Saint Clair High School I took AP biology for a semester. Even though I didn t want to take it, my parents pushed it on me. Even the counselor forced it on me. I felt like if I didn’t take it, my parents would be disappointed in me. That was something I would not let happen. With all the pressure I finally gave in. It was a hot day in the beginning of September. I remember nervously walkingRead MoreEssay on Student: Woodrow Wilson and Federal Government Jobs1461 Words   |  6 PagesHISTORY 2020 FIRST TAKE HOME EXAM You may use only class notes, your weekly outlines, and your text book. Nothing will be accepted from the Internet, or any other source. YOU MUST EMPHASIZE CLASS NOTES AND OUTLINES! You may use your book, but your answers will not be correct if you do not provide responses which reflect the class lectures/discussions. YOU MUST DO YOUR OWN WORK! You are not to discuss, or work on the exam, with anyone else. All writing must be your own. YOU WILL NOT SHARERead MoreAliens in This Immensity1633 Words   |  7 Pagesalien in Websters Dictionary. We all know aliens exist. As the United States of America, we see all kinds of different looking people everyday; whether they come from Mexico,China, England, or one of the many other countries on this planet we call home. Those are not the kind of aliens I want to make you believe in though, not the aliens from different countries, but the ones from a different world. I strongly believe that the exterestrail life that we havemade movies, books, and jokes about forRead MoreBaggit1755 Words   |  8 Pages- Baggit is a leading Indian premium brand of ‘Bags amp; accessories’ for women that is designed and manufactured in India. - Baggit Evolution. †¢ was born in 1990 and is based in Mumbai †¢ First sold from Inxs, Kemps Corner, Mumbai †¢ Spread like wild fire across trade channels in Mumbai and Delhi †¢ Distributed from Large Format Retail from 2000 †¢ First exclusive outlet in Atria mall, Worli, Mumbai †¢ Now retailed across country in all sales channels - Baggit Offering. †¢ Handbags †¢ WalletsRead MoreOutline Game Theory2132 Words   |  9 PagesB6838 Game Theory Instructor Name: Title: Tel: Email : Adjunct Faculty David Cheung Game Theory (Semester 1, Full course, No final in-class exam) (65) 9022 4161 david.cheung@ntu.edu.sg COURSE DESCRIPTION Game theory provides managers a structured and coherent approach to making better strategic decisions in an environment where conduct of competitors is often uncertain. This course uses cases to provide both the conceptual foundations of game theory and applications to business. This course appliesRead Moreâ€Å"Vulgarized Filipino Identity: Development of Filipino Profanity†5036 Words   |  21 Pagesfor Related Research or Articles: Monday, Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday * Compiling the Researched Materials and Finalizing the needed requirement before the midterm exams: Wednesday, Friday and Sunday * Completing the Research Work: after the mid term exams * Surveying and Interviewing: Free time after mid term exams Methodology This section presents the method of study, instrument used, the procedures in the preparation and administration of the instruments and the treatmentRead MoreFinal Exam Env1001897 Words   |  8 PagesENV100 Principles of Environmental Science Final Exam – Name: 1. The interdisciplinary study of humanity’s relationship with other organisms and the non-living physical environment is termed a) ecology b) sociology c) political science d) risk analysis e) environmental science 2. What activity/activities contribute(s) to making the human species the most significant agent of environmental change on Earth? a) continued population growth b) consuming non-renewable resources c)Read MoreSome of My Note for Ict Exam(Spm)1951 Words   |  8 PagesICT’S EXAM TIPS * What/ Give/ State/ Indentify/ Name : Give answer in 1 sentence/word. * Explain/ Describe/ Justify : Give answer more than 2 sentences. * Section B: Answer can in point form. 1.0 INFORMATION AND COMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Define ICT. * The technology required for information processing. * The use of electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information fromRead MoreUsing Simulators For Advance Clinical Research3490 Words   |  14 Pagesclinical data. Introduction In order for medications (or devices) to be approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), rigorous studies must be completed which involves human participation. Careful consideration takes place in deciding the trial design, study objectives, inclusion and exclusion criteria, statistical analysis, quality and control measures, record handling, and treatment of subjects. However, this wasn t always the case. It wasn t until WorldRead MoreManagement: Case Analysis3434 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿ MGMT 2130 CASE ANALYSIS Exam Winter 2015 STUDENT NAME:________________________________ I.D.#_________________ INSTRUCTIONS: No electronic devices of any kind are permitted during the exam. Make sure your cell phone/pager is turned off and kept out of sight. If you have a question or have to go to the bathroom, raise your hand. Answer all questions in the exam booklet. Time: 60 MINUTES Part Mark Received Section I / 12 Section II

Pro Life And Pro Choice - 1647 Words

3,000. That’s the number of innocent people whose lives were taken away from them on September 11, 2001; a date that will go down in time as one of the biggest tragedies in U.S. history. Most individuals know this. What many don’t realize, however, is that it’s also the number of babies that are killed everyday by a legal murder: Abortion. That’s 3,000 potential lives, hopes, and dreams that are cruelly put to a halt by the person who is supposed to love them most; their mother. All simply because they are unwanted. Every single day. And I can almost guarantee you that not even a single prayer is said for them. Abortion, as defined by The National Right to Life Organization, is any premature expulsion of a human fetus, whether naturally spontaneous , as in a miscarriage, or artificially induced, as in a surgical or chemical abortion. The topic has been highly debated for centuries, and it is very likely that the opposing sides, pro-life and pro-choice will never completely see eye to eye or understand each other’s perspectives. Regardless, I stand before you today as a pro-lifer. I strongly believe abortion is wrong, not only because of it’s immoral and unethical aspects, but also because life is a privilege, and nobody, especially a helpless unborn infant, deserves to have that privilege taken away from them. Life begins at conception. Even the most deeply-rooted liberalists can not argue the abundance of scientific and medical evidence that supports that fact. MultipleShow MoreRelatedPro Choice And Pro Life1231 Words   |  5 Pagesyour view on the topic shows the type of person you are. There are two sides to this debate: Pro-Choice and Pro-life. In this case when you are Pro-choice you believe that women have the custody and rights to do what they want to with their baby. While many people believe in the women’s right, they don’t believe that murdering babies is going to solve anything. These people standpoints are called Pro-life. For my topic I wanted to go deeper into this worldwide debate. For my first abortion questionRead MorePro Choice Or Pro Life?1401 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 11/12 9 February 2017 Pro-Choice or Pro-Life? Abortion is a very controversial topic, and has been for many decades in the United States. Ever since the Supreme Court Case: Roe vs. Wade in 1973, an intense battle has raged forth. People who are against abortion are called Pro-Life; people who support abortion are Pro-Choice. The two main questions people try to answer on this issue are â€Å"Is the fetus a human being or not?† and â€Å"What is the definition of life?† According to Webster’s New WorldRead MorePro Choice And Pro Life1361 Words   |  6 Pagesis; â€Å"The termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to being capable of normal growth†. Abortion is one of the most controversial topics today. Although there are two sides of the debate pro-choice and pro life, arguments are mainly centered around the Roe v. Wade decision, women’s rights and state restrictive laws. Women faced many difficulties before Roe V. Wade case. After the case the court made abortions available to women in the United StatesRead MorePro-Life or Pro-Choice1455 Words   |  6 Pagessplit into two different groups: Pro-Life and Pro-Choice. The Pro-Choice group believes women should be able to choose to have an abortion and it should be legal. Pro-Life is the complete opposite. They believe that abortion is murder and should be illegal for everyone. I am Pro-Life. Abortion is completely wrong and shouldn’t be legal or even thought of. My main reason is because abortion is immoral and to go through with an abortion takes away life. Taking a life is murder and is against the lawRead MorePro Life Or Pro Choice1524 Words   |  7 PagesPro-Life or Pro-choice is the highly debatable question that is discussed when the topic of abortion is brought up. Abortion is one of many controversial topics in America. Abortion is the early termination of a pregnancy. Merriam Webster ’s dictionary defines abortion as; â€Å"the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus: as a: spontaneous expulsion of a human fetus during the first 12 weeks of gestation b: induced expulsionRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1371 Words   |  6 Pagesare Actually being called as pro-life and pro-choice. According to the Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context, pro-life supporters have mentioned that life Really Actually begins at conception. Which means when the sperm hits the egg. So you know what that means, abortion at any particular stage in the pregnancy is actually murder. They also believe that life is very valuable and the life of the unborn baby has the same rights as the very much alive mother. Pro-choice supporters, on the other handRead MorePro Life Or Pro Choice1291 Words   |  6 PagesPro Life or Pro Choice The restrictions and the debate that surrounds the issue of abortion has changed dramatically throughout the course of history and it continues to change until this very moment. All around the world and in every known society, women have used abortion to control their reproduction, regardless of it’s legality. Abortion used to be exercised freely in the United Sates, up Until all the states started to ban It and place a lot of restrictions on it. They stated that a womanRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1403 Words   |  6 Pagesmother, is a highly debated ethical issue. Abortion is an ethical issue because it involves violating the either the fetus’s natural right to live, or the mother’s right to freedom. The two most common approaches to this issue are pro-life and pro-choice. The pro-life approach argues that the fetus is a human who has sentience and natural rights, and therefore it is wrong to harm the unborn child. One of the most common issues within the abortion dilemma is the problem of personhood. There is debateRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1649 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society you are either a Pro-life or a Pro-choice, there is not a middle ground. Pro-life are individuals who believe abortion is immoral and should be stop for the wellbeing of women and unborn babies. In contrast, the Pro-choice individuals do not necessarily promote abortion, they just believe women should be the ones to make decisions over their bodies and health. Although the two main sides of the abortion debate have concerns for human life, pro-life activists worries more about theRead MorePro Choice And Pro Life927 Words   |  4 Pagesrenouncing religious principles and committing murder. First, it is important to establish background information on the two opposing views. There are basically two ideologies: pro-choice and pro-life. The former supports a woman’s right to make a decision to have the baby or the ability to have an abortion. Furthermore, pro-choice roots stem from a 1973 U.S. Supreme Court Ruling ROE V. WADE, 410 U.S. 113 that supports a woman’s right to have an abortion legally. In the decision, it states: â€Å"the unborn

Famous people with mental illnesses Essay Example For Students

Famous people with mental illnesses Essay Psychology Research Paper: People with Mental IllnessesVirginia Wolf was a British novelist. Virginia suffered from mood disorder and her mood symptoms redated their other conditions. The nature and course of her mood and behavior symptoms were consistent with a diagnosis of an independently existing affective illness. Her family histories of depression, manic-depressive illness, and suicide coupled with their own symptoms were sufficiently strong to warrant their inclusion. Virginia most commonly suffered from bipolar depression with feverish writing periods and gloomy weeks. She was put in a Asylum or psychiatric hospital, and made attempts of killing herself. Lionel Aldridge was the defensive end for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960’s, and he played in two super bowls. Lionel suffered fromschizophrenia was homeless for 2 1/2 years in the 1970s. Lionel used to give inspirational talks to young people about his 20-year bout withschizophrenia and paranoia. Lionel has been in numerous newspaper and magazine articles for his ability to fight the disease he has fought most of his life. His message was simple to families who have mentally ill children or adults, dont give up on them. His motto was, Believe they can get well.† Lionel lost his battle with schizophrenia and paranoia as he passed away in 1998. She was put in a Asylum or psychiatric hospital, and made attempts of killing herself. Lionel Aldridge was the defensive end for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, and he played in two super bowls. Lionel suffered from schizophrenia was homeless for 2 1/2 years in the 1970s. Lionel used to give inspirational talks to young people about his 20-year bout with schizophrenia and paranoia. Lionel has been in numerous newspaper and magazine articles for his ability to fight the disease he has fought most of his life. His message was simple to families who have mentally ill children or adults, dont give up on them. His motto was, Believe they can get well. Lionel lost his battle with schizophrenia and paranoia as he passed away in 1998. Eugene Gladstone ONeill was born on October 16th, 1888 in New York City. He was one of the most famous play writers of all time. Eugene suffered from clinical depression. Eugene often was placed in an Asylum or psychiatric hospital for numerous suicide attempts. He attended Princeton for one year, but was expelled. The following year Eugene enrolled at Harved University. ONeill won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936, and Pulitzer Prizes for four of his plays: Beyond the Horizon (1920); Anna Christie (1922); Strange Interlude (1928); and Long Days Journey Into Night (1957). ONeill is credited with raising American dramatic theater from its narrow origins to an art form respected around the world. He is regarded as Americas premier playwright. ONeill continued to write until 1944 when he was stricken with a debilitating muscular disease which prevented further work. Without the ability to write with his hands, Eugene was forced to stop writing entirely. Eugene passed away in 1953. Jimmy Piersall had three different personalities while playing for the Boston Red Sox. Piersall acted differently before his disease, during his disease, and after his disease. Piersall suffered from Bipolar disease. He would yell at teammates, his family, and coaches. Many felt his father was the main cause of his disorder because Jimmy could never do anything right in his eyes. After Jimmy hit an inside the park home run for the Red Sox he ran over the screen and started to climb over it. His father was on the other side, and Piersall was repeating, Is that good enough for you dad? This enabled everyone to see Jimmy had serious problem. Piersall suffered a nervous breakdown and entered a sanitarium in the middle of the 1952 season. He made a comeback in 1953, and wrote a book about his struggles with mental illness, Fear Strikes Out, which was made into a motion picture. Piersalls problems were very public, but he carried himself with dignity, and with a distinct sense of humor about his ordeals. He never quite rid himself of his unique behavior, quipping that hed give em their moneys worth if the crowds came out to see him. Gaetano Donizetti (1797 1848) was a world famous opera singer. Like Piersall Gaetano suffered from Bipolar depression. Death to close family members plagued Gaetano throughout his life. He met his wife Virginia Vasselli while he was in Rome in the 1820s and later married her in 1828. They had three children, none of whom survived. How Do Submarines Work Essay His parents died in the mid 1830s. A year after his parents death, his wife succumbed to a cholera epidemic. Donizetti himself suffered from cerebro-spinal syphilis. Symptoms of his illness became evident as early as 1843, and by 1845 his condition deteriorated to the point that he was institutionalized for almost a year and a half. Friends in Bergamo finally arranged for Donizetti to be brought back .

Requiem for a Dream Review Essay Example

Requiem for a Dream Review Paper Essay on Requiem for a Dream I am sure that everyone who watched the film, wants to read the book because the movie makes an indelible impression. But the book somehow disappointed. And its not that it is bad or weak written, just memories of the movie all the time get up before my eyes and in my head sounds the music that runs the leitmotif of all the tragic events and just can not ignore and sosredostochitsya ONLY book to evaluate it separately as an independent work. Read about Sarah Goldfarb and remember her dark room and terrible hallucinations, read about Harry, her son and you see him in breaking, you see him on the operating table Read about Marion and can not help but recall that through she had to go through to get a dose of We will write a custom essay sample on Requiem for a Dream Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Requiem for a Dream Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Requiem for a Dream Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Living with a drug shown without embellishment and false glitter. The author does not spare the reader, showing the inside out gay life. But does not fall into moralizatostvo denying that drugs really give pleasure and emotions, by embracing that only once, his characters can no longer abandon them The very atmosphere of the book -. Stuffy, heart-breaking, anxious It reflects a broken heart, disorder of the inner world of the characters, lost their harmony. And the language is the same a ragged, as if frightened, as if he, too a drug addict, a cornered scored, lost human form The kids are well on drugs, but the dose for dose rob them of the opportunity takes pleasure from what else but drugs and its scary. The price paid for the short-lived pleasure, too high In my opinion, that would be better to give the kids a book from the at risk instead of lecturing about what drugs -. It is evil and harmful. Still, the film, in my opinion, an order of magnitude stronger than reduce a brain. Requiem for a Dream Review Essay Example Requiem for a Dream Review Paper Essay on Requiem for a Dream Hmm Ill try to answer:) First of all, to show the plague of society as a whole not only errors of the main characters. Would Sarah began to chew your tablet if it had not seen enough TV Insanely pocherpnuv out the ideal of beauty and grace, which it did not fit, she believes. I do all she would have those colored circles if her like a butterfly attracted not able to get on screen? And Harry and his friends? Who they are at the beginning of the film? Already outside of society. Already people who are not ready to work honestly, to realize their dreams. What makes Harry still at the very beginning? Hales TV market. Then image of the TV returns Harry buys a new mother, a big TV. What is it an expression of filial love? No. It is an expression of filial willingness to pay off from the mother. Does it need a new cool TV? No! Its old and already a ruined it needs to put pressure son, watched and helped her to get off the pills! After all, its not heroin! And he said, but did nothing. He just walked away an d never came back. Exemplary son, genuinely caring about my mother, is not it? We will write a custom essay sample on Requiem for a Dream Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Requiem for a Dream Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Requiem for a Dream Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition to just such social subtleties in the relationship between the characters, drew the attention of many scenes from the life of America. After all, history does not develop in a vacuum, so in our field of vision get many secondary characters, many of the episodes, which is also not the most beautiful way characterize society. Everything in the book seems so shaky and rotten As for the artistic value, I would have said the language. It is unusual and varied, but in general very clearly demonstrates the internal attitude of heroes their impaired consciousness .

Tiered pricing airlines and pharmaceuticals

Tiered pricing airlines and pharmaceuticals Introduction Most industries and companies change pricing strategies in a volatile manner depending on various marketing environmental factors. Ideally, companies’ pricing strategies are much influenced by the desire to increase corporate profits and cover operating and other costs (Thomas Maurice, 2010). One of the commonest pricing strategies is the differential pricing strategy or the tiered pricing approach.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tiered pricing airlines and pharmaceuticals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pharmaceutical and airline firms are examples of industries that adopt tiered pricing techniques to share costs among their customers. These firms can drastically change prices in a span of days, moments through differential price sharing methods. According to Thomas Maurice (2010) the strategy is based on the notion that customers must not be treated equally, and that firms need to put some e fforts on products. Rather than selling products to all customers in similar approaches, a firm tries to classify and categorize its customer in groups and charge different prices to different groups. Tiered pricing behavior of pharmaceutical and airline firms Today’s marketing research has primarily focused on the pricing policies and strategies by the organizations. Most researches indicate that organization pricing policies are set based on; existence of price tiers, face value pricing, and discount/ premium variation pricing policy. Pharmaceutical and airline firms’ products are good examples where this strategy is prevalent and as a profit maximizing technique (Moe fader, 2008). According to Moe and fader, 2008, tiered pricing is mostly influenced by the ideology of advance purchasing of products by the customers. They added that, firms in pharmaceutical and airline industries customers provide advance information pertaining to the overall demand, diffusion acros s consumers and the demand elasticity of their products forcing a more elaborated marketing efforts to differentiate prices accordingly. For example, airline firms adopt a multi pricing discrimination practice which essentially involves variation of prices dramatically based on timing or hours of purchases. Airlines purchasing in advance by customers also perfect airline price tiers. Pharmaceutical firms’ price tiers are based on medicine quality and better services depending on the income levels or the individual status in an economy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yadav, 2010 argue that, price tiers in the medicine and health fraternity is faced with challenging factors on offering quality health provision in most developing countries. In fact, the industry is much cautions in differentiating its prices. In addition, price differentiation in pharmaceutica l firms adds another advantage in maximizing profits. For example, variation on pharmaceutical products depends on incomes of the customer group. Yadav, 2010, further states that, pricing strategies in pharmaceutical companies its challenging firm’s growth and the success in improving access in low and middle earners. Essentially, recent trends shows that firms in pharmaceutical and airline industries pay much attention to price tiers since its differential is based on economic and demographic characteristics of the target consumers. Strategically, these industries utilize differential pricing to create more opportunities to serve the minor or the low income categories and still maximizing profits and developing economies of scale to maximize profits. Again, since the industries are socially responsible demanding, tiered pricing enable airlines and pharmaceutical firms to portray and advocate for social responsibility and not enhancing profit maximization. To reinforce the di fferential pricing techniques, industries like airline or hotels engages in yield management. The concept refers to situations where firms or industries group customers to facilitate differentiating prices of its products (Shumsky Netessine, 2002). Industries practicing this concept are characterized by; expensive storing of products, future demands are uncertain, markets can be segmented, the same products can be perceived differently by customers, and suppliers in the industry are profit oriented. For example, airline industry can group customers into leisure travellers and business travellers. Similarly, a firm can offer discounted prices and full price to the groups to further segment markets. All these pricing techniques and market segmentation support price differentiation to the same product offering same satisfaction capacity (Shumsky Netessine, 2002).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tiered pricing airlines and pharmaceuticals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Differential pricing strategies depend on three tiers in the pharmaceutical and airline industry. These ties include class pricing, bulk selling and selling products based on the willingness to pay. According to the strategy, companies believe that they can increase profits by acknowledging that consumers vary in terms of preferences and lifestyle, tastes, behaviors, income level, and response to marketing mix or geographical categories. In addition, differential pricing benefit firms to target certain groups of customers such as frequent customers and loyal customers. In such a case, no fixed price is set for the industrial products and the major goal is to maximize profits via sharing expenses in selling products to all customers. References Moe, W. W. Fader, P. S. (2008). The Role of Price Tiers in Advance Purchasing of Event Tickets. Web. Shumsky, F Netessine, S. (2002). Yield Management. Web. Thomas C. Maurice , S. C. (2010). Managerial Economics. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Yadav, P. (2010). Differential Pricing for Pharmaceuticals. Review of current knowledge, new findings and ideas for action. Zaragoza Logistics Center: SPAIN MIT-Zaragoza International Logistics Program.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

USS Alabama (BB-60) in World War II

USS Alabama (BB-60) in World War II USS Alabama (BB-60) was a South Dakota-class battleship that was commissioned into the U.S. Navy in 1942. The last ship of its class, Alabama initially served in the Atlantic Theater of World War II, before receiving orders to shift to the Pacific in 1943. Largely serving as protection for American aircraft carriers, the battleship took part in all of the U.S. Navys major campaigns in the Pacific Theater. In addition to covering the carriers, Alabama provided naval gunfire support during landings on Japanese-held islands. In the course of the war, the battleship did lose a single sailor to enemy action earning it the nickname The Lucky A. Alabama currently a museum ship moored in Mobile, AL. Design Construction In 1936, as the design of the North Carolina-class neared completion, the U.S. Navys General Board gathered to address the two battleships that were to be funded in Fiscal Year 1938.  Though the Board was leaning towards building two additional North Carolinas, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral William H. Standley preferred to pursue a new design.  As a result, the building of these vessels was delayed to FY1939 as naval architects began work in March 1937.   While the first two battleships were officially ordered on April 4, 1938, a second pair of vessels was added two months later under the  Deficiency Authorization which passed due to increasing international tensions.  Though the escalator clause of the Second London Naval Treaty had been invoked permitting the new design to mount 16 guns, Congress requested that the battleships stay within the 35,000-ton limit set by the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. In laying out the new South Dakota-class, naval architects designed a wide spectrum of plans for consideration.  A key challenge proved to be finding approaches to improve upon the North Carolina-class while staying within the tonnage restriction.  The answer was the creation of a shorter, by approximately 50 feet, battleship that utilized an inclined armor system.  This offered enhanced underwater protection relative to earlier vessels.   USS Alabama (BB-60) in Casco Bay, ME, during her shakedown period, circa December 1942.   US Navy History and Heritage Command As naval leaders called for vessels capable of 27 knots, designers sought a way to obtain this despite the reduced hull length.  This was achieved through the creative layout of boilers, turbines, and machinery.  For armament, the South Dakotas matched the North Carolinas in carrying nine Mark 6 16 guns in three triple turrets with a secondary battery of twenty dual-purpose 5 guns.  These were supplemented by an extensive and constantly changing array of anti-aircraft weapons.   Construction of the fourth and final ship of the class, USS Alabama (BB-60) was assigned to Norfolk Naval Shipyard and commenced on February 1, 1940.  As work moved ahead, the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Building of the new vessel proceeded and it slid down the ways on February 16, 1942, with Henrietta Hill, wife Alabama Senator J. Lister Hill, serving as sponsor.  Commissioned on August 16, 1942, Alabama entered service with Captain George B. Wilson in command.   USS Alabama (BB-60) Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard: Norfolk Naval ShipyardLaid Down: February 1, 1940Launched: February 16, 1942Commissioned: August 16, 1942Fate: Museum Ship, Mobile, ALSpecificationsDisplacement:  35,000  tonsLength: 680.8 ft.Beam:  108.2 ft.Draft: 36.2 ft.Propulsion:  30,000 hp, 4 x steam turbines, 4 x propellersSpeed:  27 knotsComplement: 1,793 menArmamentGuns9 Ãâ€" 16 in.  Mark 6 guns (3 x triple turrets)20 Ãâ€" 5 in dual-purpose gunsAircraft2 x aircraft Operations in the Atlantic After completing shakedown and training operations in the Chesapeake Bay and Casco Bay, ME that fall, Alabama received orders to proceed to Scapa Flow to reinforce the British Home Fleet in early 1943.  Sailing with USS South Dakota (BB-57), this action was necessary due to a shift of British naval strength to the Mediterranean in preparation for the invasion of Sicily.  In June, ​Alabama covered the landing of reinforcements in Spitzbergen before taking part in an attempt to draw out the German battleship Tirpitz the following month.   Detached from the Home Fleet on August 1, both American battleships then departed for Norfolk.  Arriving, Alabama underwent an overhaul in preparation for redeployment to the Pacific.  Departing later that month, the battleship transited the Panama Canal and arrived at Efate on September 14. Covering the Carriers Training with carrier task forces, Alabama sailed on November 11 to support American landings on Tarawa and Makin in the Gilbert Islands.  Screening the carriers, the battleship provided a defense against Japanese aircraft.  After bombarding Nauru on December 8, Alabama escorted USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) and USS Monterey (CVL-26) back to Efate.  Having sustained damage to its port outboard propeller, the battleship departed for Pearl Harbor on January 5, 1944 for repairs.   Briefly dry docked, Alabama joined Task Group 58.2, centered on the carrier USS Essex (CV-9), later that month for attacks in the Marshall Islands.  Bombarding Roi and Namur on January 30, the battleship provided support during the Battle of Kwajalein.  In mid-February, Alabama screened the carriers of Rear Admiral Marc A. Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force as it conducted massive raids against the Japanese base at Truk.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   USS Alabama (BB-60) en route to the Gilberts and Marshalls to support the invasions of Makin and Tarawa, 12 November 1943. US Navy History and Heritage Command Sweeping north into the Marianas later that month, Alabama sustained a friendly fire incident on February 21 when one 5 gun mount accidentally fired into another during Japanese air attack.  This resulted in the death of five sailors and wounding of an additional eleven.  Following a pause at Majuro, Alabama and the carriers conducted attacks through the Caroline Islands in March before covering landings in northern New Guinea by General Douglas MacArthurs forces in April.   Proceeding north, it, along with several other American battleships, bombarded Ponape before returning to Majuro.  Taking a month to train and refit, Alabama steamed north in early June to take part in the Marianas Campaign.  On June 13, it engaged in a six-hour pre-invasion bombardment of Saipan in preparation for the landings two days later.  On June 19-20, Alabama screened Mitschers carriers during the victory at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Remaining in the vicinity, Alabama provided naval gunfire support to troops ashore before departing for Eniwetok.  Returning to the Marianas in July, it protected the carriers as they launched missions in support of the liberation of Guam.  Moving south, they conducted a sweep through the Carolines before striking targets in the Philippines in September.   In early October, Alabama covered the carriers as they mounted raids against Okinawa and Formosa.  Moving to the Philippines, the battleship began bombarding Leyte on October 15 in preparation for landings by MacArthurs forces.  Returning to the carriers, Alabama screened USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Franklin (CV-13) during the Battle of Leyte Gulf and later was detached as part of Task Force 34 to aid American forces off Samar. Final Campaigns Withdrawing to Ulithi for replenishment after the battle, Alabama then returned to the Philippines as the carriers struck targets across the archipelago.  These raids continued into December when the fleet endured severe weather during Typhoon Cobra.  In the storm, both of Alabamas Vought OS2U Kingfisher floatplanes were damaged beyond repair.  Returning to Ulithi, the battleship received orders to undergo an overhaul at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard.   Crossing the Pacific, it entered dry dock on January 18, 1945.  Work finally was completed on March 17.  Following refresher training on the West Coast, Alabama departed for Ulithi via Pearl Harbor.  Rejoining the fleet on April 28, it departed eleven days later to support operations during the Battle of Okinawa.  Steaming off the island, it aided troops ashore and provided air defense against Japanese kamikazes. USS Alabama (BB-60) in Puget Sound, WA, March 1945. US Navy History and Heritage Command   After riding out another typhoon on June 4-5, Alabama shelled Minami Daito Shima before proceeding to Leyte Gulf.  Steaming north with the carriers on July 1, the battleship served in their screening force as they mounted attacks against the Japanese mainland.  During this time, Alabama and other escorting battleships moved inshore to bombard a variety of targets.  The battleship continued to operate in Japanese waters until the end of hostilities on August 15.  During the course of the war, Alabama did not lose a single sailor to enemy action earning it the nickname Lucky A.   Later Career After assisting with initial occupation operations, Alabama departed Japan on September 20.  Assigned to Operation Magic Carpet, it touched at Okinawa to embark 700 sailors for the return voyage to the West Coast.  Reaching San Francisco on October 15, it disembarked its passengers and twelve days later hosted the general public.  Moving south to San Pedro, it remained there until February 27, 1946, when it received orders to sail to Puget Sound for a deactivation overhaul.   With this complete, Alabama was decommissioned on January 9, 1947 and moved to the Pacific Reserve Fleet.  Struck from the Naval Vessel Registry on June 1, 1962, the battleship was then transferred to the  USS Alabama Battleship Commission two years later.  Towed to Mobile, AL, Alabama opened as a museum ship at Battleship Memorial Park on January 9, 1965.  The vessel was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.

USS Alabama (BB-60) in World War II

USS Alabama (BB-60) in World War II USS Alabama (BB-60) was a South Dakota-class battleship that was commissioned into the U.S. Navy in 1942. The last ship of its class, Alabama initially served in the Atlantic Theater of World War II, before receiving orders to shift to the Pacific in 1943. Largely serving as protection for American aircraft carriers, the battleship took part in all of the U.S. Navys major campaigns in the Pacific Theater. In addition to covering the carriers, Alabama provided naval gunfire support during landings on Japanese-held islands. In the course of the war, the battleship did lose a single sailor to enemy action earning it the nickname The Lucky A. Alabama currently a museum ship moored in Mobile, AL. Design Construction In 1936, as the design of the North Carolina-class neared completion, the U.S. Navys General Board gathered to address the two battleships that were to be funded in Fiscal Year 1938.  Though the Board was leaning towards building two additional North Carolinas, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral William H. Standley preferred to pursue a new design.  As a result, the building of these vessels was delayed to FY1939 as naval architects began work in March 1937.   While the first two battleships were officially ordered on April 4, 1938, a second pair of vessels was added two months later under the  Deficiency Authorization which passed due to increasing international tensions.  Though the escalator clause of the Second London Naval Treaty had been invoked permitting the new design to mount 16 guns, Congress requested that the battleships stay within the 35,000-ton limit set by the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. In laying out the new South Dakota-class, naval architects designed a wide spectrum of plans for consideration.  A key challenge proved to be finding approaches to improve upon the North Carolina-class while staying within the tonnage restriction.  The answer was the creation of a shorter, by approximately 50 feet, battleship that utilized an inclined armor system.  This offered enhanced underwater protection relative to earlier vessels.   USS Alabama (BB-60) in Casco Bay, ME, during her shakedown period, circa December 1942.   US Navy History and Heritage Command As naval leaders called for vessels capable of 27 knots, designers sought a way to obtain this despite the reduced hull length.  This was achieved through the creative layout of boilers, turbines, and machinery.  For armament, the South Dakotas matched the North Carolinas in carrying nine Mark 6 16 guns in three triple turrets with a secondary battery of twenty dual-purpose 5 guns.  These were supplemented by an extensive and constantly changing array of anti-aircraft weapons.   Construction of the fourth and final ship of the class, USS Alabama (BB-60) was assigned to Norfolk Naval Shipyard and commenced on February 1, 1940.  As work moved ahead, the United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Building of the new vessel proceeded and it slid down the ways on February 16, 1942, with Henrietta Hill, wife Alabama Senator J. Lister Hill, serving as sponsor.  Commissioned on August 16, 1942, Alabama entered service with Captain George B. Wilson in command.   USS Alabama (BB-60) Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard: Norfolk Naval ShipyardLaid Down: February 1, 1940Launched: February 16, 1942Commissioned: August 16, 1942Fate: Museum Ship, Mobile, ALSpecificationsDisplacement:  35,000  tonsLength: 680.8 ft.Beam:  108.2 ft.Draft: 36.2 ft.Propulsion:  30,000 hp, 4 x steam turbines, 4 x propellersSpeed:  27 knotsComplement: 1,793 menArmamentGuns9 Ãâ€" 16 in.  Mark 6 guns (3 x triple turrets)20 Ãâ€" 5 in dual-purpose gunsAircraft2 x aircraft Operations in the Atlantic After completing shakedown and training operations in the Chesapeake Bay and Casco Bay, ME that fall, Alabama received orders to proceed to Scapa Flow to reinforce the British Home Fleet in early 1943.  Sailing with USS South Dakota (BB-57), this action was necessary due to a shift of British naval strength to the Mediterranean in preparation for the invasion of Sicily.  In June, ​Alabama covered the landing of reinforcements in Spitzbergen before taking part in an attempt to draw out the German battleship Tirpitz the following month.   Detached from the Home Fleet on August 1, both American battleships then departed for Norfolk.  Arriving, Alabama underwent an overhaul in preparation for redeployment to the Pacific.  Departing later that month, the battleship transited the Panama Canal and arrived at Efate on September 14. Covering the Carriers Training with carrier task forces, Alabama sailed on November 11 to support American landings on Tarawa and Makin in the Gilbert Islands.  Screening the carriers, the battleship provided a defense against Japanese aircraft.  After bombarding Nauru on December 8, Alabama escorted USS Bunker Hill (CV-17) and USS Monterey (CVL-26) back to Efate.  Having sustained damage to its port outboard propeller, the battleship departed for Pearl Harbor on January 5, 1944 for repairs.   Briefly dry docked, Alabama joined Task Group 58.2, centered on the carrier USS Essex (CV-9), later that month for attacks in the Marshall Islands.  Bombarding Roi and Namur on January 30, the battleship provided support during the Battle of Kwajalein.  In mid-February, Alabama screened the carriers of Rear Admiral Marc A. Mitschers Fast Carrier Task Force as it conducted massive raids against the Japanese base at Truk.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   USS Alabama (BB-60) en route to the Gilberts and Marshalls to support the invasions of Makin and Tarawa, 12 November 1943. US Navy History and Heritage Command Sweeping north into the Marianas later that month, Alabama sustained a friendly fire incident on February 21 when one 5 gun mount accidentally fired into another during Japanese air attack.  This resulted in the death of five sailors and wounding of an additional eleven.  Following a pause at Majuro, Alabama and the carriers conducted attacks through the Caroline Islands in March before covering landings in northern New Guinea by General Douglas MacArthurs forces in April.   Proceeding north, it, along with several other American battleships, bombarded Ponape before returning to Majuro.  Taking a month to train and refit, Alabama steamed north in early June to take part in the Marianas Campaign.  On June 13, it engaged in a six-hour pre-invasion bombardment of Saipan in preparation for the landings two days later.  On June 19-20, Alabama screened Mitschers carriers during the victory at the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Remaining in the vicinity, Alabama provided naval gunfire support to troops ashore before departing for Eniwetok.  Returning to the Marianas in July, it protected the carriers as they launched missions in support of the liberation of Guam.  Moving south, they conducted a sweep through the Carolines before striking targets in the Philippines in September.   In early October, Alabama covered the carriers as they mounted raids against Okinawa and Formosa.  Moving to the Philippines, the battleship began bombarding Leyte on October 15 in preparation for landings by MacArthurs forces.  Returning to the carriers, Alabama screened USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Franklin (CV-13) during the Battle of Leyte Gulf and later was detached as part of Task Force 34 to aid American forces off Samar. Final Campaigns Withdrawing to Ulithi for replenishment after the battle, Alabama then returned to the Philippines as the carriers struck targets across the archipelago.  These raids continued into December when the fleet endured severe weather during Typhoon Cobra.  In the storm, both of Alabamas Vought OS2U Kingfisher floatplanes were damaged beyond repair.  Returning to Ulithi, the battleship received orders to undergo an overhaul at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard.   Crossing the Pacific, it entered dry dock on January 18, 1945.  Work finally was completed on March 17.  Following refresher training on the West Coast, Alabama departed for Ulithi via Pearl Harbor.  Rejoining the fleet on April 28, it departed eleven days later to support operations during the Battle of Okinawa.  Steaming off the island, it aided troops ashore and provided air defense against Japanese kamikazes. USS Alabama (BB-60) in Puget Sound, WA, March 1945. US Navy History and Heritage Command   After riding out another typhoon on June 4-5, Alabama shelled Minami Daito Shima before proceeding to Leyte Gulf.  Steaming north with the carriers on July 1, the battleship served in their screening force as they mounted attacks against the Japanese mainland.  During this time, Alabama and other escorting battleships moved inshore to bombard a variety of targets.  The battleship continued to operate in Japanese waters until the end of hostilities on August 15.  During the course of the war, Alabama did not lose a single sailor to enemy action earning it the nickname Lucky A.   Later Career After assisting with initial occupation operations, Alabama departed Japan on September 20.  Assigned to Operation Magic Carpet, it touched at Okinawa to embark 700 sailors for the return voyage to the West Coast.  Reaching San Francisco on October 15, it disembarked its passengers and twelve days later hosted the general public.  Moving south to San Pedro, it remained there until February 27, 1946, when it received orders to sail to Puget Sound for a deactivation overhaul.   With this complete, Alabama was decommissioned on January 9, 1947 and moved to the Pacific Reserve Fleet.  Struck from the Naval Vessel Registry on June 1, 1962, the battleship was then transferred to the  USS Alabama Battleship Commission two years later.  Towed to Mobile, AL, Alabama opened as a museum ship at Battleship Memorial Park on January 9, 1965.  The vessel was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.